The Man Who Was Almost A Man English Literature Essay

The Man Who Was Almost A Man English Literature Essay The Man Who was Almost a Man by Richard Wright, is a coming of age story that also showcases the main character, Dave Saunders, struggle with poverty and racism as well as his struggle to gain power. This short story mainly critiques the social structure of the powerful over the weak. It also as a theme of black vs. white. In the course of my essay I will give some background information on Naturalism, as well as how racism and a search for power affects Dave in the story and the journey this force takes him on. I will also demonstrate what the gun and the mule symbolize in the story. Naturalism writers such as Richard Wright write about characters that face environmental, social, or economic forces that they cannot control or overcome. In naturalist novels, humans are doomed by their own shortcomings. (Baym) Naturalism portrays humans as animals in the world. In Freudian terms, naturalist literature is written to show how the id has the upper hand over the superego and the ego. Naturalism comes to the conclusion that peoples choices are already determined by natural or scientific forces that make people behave in a certain way. In The Man Who Was Almost a Man, Wright makes the main character Dave Saunders a servant to racial hardship. He demonstrates how whites always have an upper hand over blacks. Dave is just like his parents; he is vulnerable to white men in power and money such as his boss Mr. Hawkins and the shop owner Joe. He will never have the power or the money to reach his full potential. Dave lives in a world where he has no power, whether it be personal or economic. In his eyes, he lives a life full of humiliation and abuse. He works a lowly job for money that is given directly to his mom, who with his dad, he is forced to obey. He is also subjected to constant belittling from the hands of his fellow field hands. He has a growing sense of shame that comes from the economic and social forces that keep him from going after his dreams and reaching his full potential. In turn, Dave sees that having a gun is his only option to gain respect and to establish himself in the community. In the short story the gun symbolizes all sorts of things. It stands for things he doesnt have such as power, respect, and independence. All of these things he is desperately seeking. This makes him see the gun as his only solution to overcome all of his struggles and to compensate for all of his shortcomings. He feels like the gun would make him a man even though he has no idea how to fire one. Dave also thinks that the gun would give him independence that he doesnt have. He somehow believes that the gun would get him out of the fields and give him bigger and better opportunities. The story follows along with history. Daves struggle with racism reflects the struggle of African Americans to get more rights and freedoms ever since the end of the civil war. Yes they were free but they were still lacking opportunities. Even though African Americans had tried to get equality and economic leverage in the 19th century, it did not become a movement until the 20th century. Many African Americans where stuck plowing lands for white owners with little compensation just like Dave in the story. Segregation also had a hand in making sure that blacks were kept in their rightful place. Eventually, however slowly, social patterns started to change because blacks began to move north for better opportunities. In the story, Dave suddenly leaves in the end which could pay homage to this movement or so-called Great Migration. This could also be shown to portray a refusal to accept the ways that his family and ancestors had been pushed into poverty and had hope and promise taken awa y from them. In the short story Dave says, Could kill a man with a gun like this. Kill anybody, black or white. And if he were holding his gun in his hand, nobody could run over him; they would have to respect him. (Wright) The gun serves as an equalizer. It blurs the color line making Dave think the gun will make others respect him. He thinks that if he has a gun, he will have power and respect over everyone whether they are black or white. It also is supposed to give him independence but it in turn does the opposite by making him even more committed and obligated to Mr. Hawkins since it will take him two years to pay off his debt after shooting Jenny the mule. In actuality, Dave associates having a gun with power which brings change but makes him take on a journey to adulthood that he was not quite ready for. The mule can symbolize Dave himself. The mule is a servant to the land and Mr. Hawkins. Dave feels like he is stuck just like Jenny. He is bonded to a plow with no rewards or hope of escape or becoming anything better than what he is. Dave feels that he is destined to be just like Jenny even stating, They treat me like a mule, n then they beat me. (Wright) Even though the death of Jenny is accidental, it can showcase Daves unconscious desire to get Mr. Hawkins. By getting rid of one of Mr. Hawkins symbols of power and money, Dave is lashing out at a social order and economic system that he will always be left out of because he is black. A common theme in the story is lying. Daves lies showcase that he is disconnected from the world and shows that he isnt prepared for adulthood. He is constantly trying to twist the truth to his favor. He does this to first buy the gun and then to avoid the punishment of killing Jenny. He lies to his mom to get the money to buy the gun by telling her that he plans to give the gun to his father after he buys it. He then lies about where the gun is saying he threw it in the creek so as not to give up the gun. This comes back to what Richard Wright is critiquing in his short story. He is showing that in the social order in the time that his story takes place, whites are superior to blacks. Dave is a slave to history. He feels he is destined to be just like the rest of his family. He feels like he will always be a slave to the whites. He craves respect and sees getting a gun as his way out when in turn it just makes him seem like a child, which is the opposite of what he was trying to do. By playing around with the gun instead of giving it to his mom like he was supposed to do, he shows that he is immature and not ready for manhood. It also leads to him killing an innocent animal. The story also shows that Mr. Hawkins was actually a kind man. Instead of firing Dave or demanding instant repayment, he offers him a repayment solution and lets him keep his job. However, Dave still resents him because of the power and privilege that he possesses. In conclusion, Dave is trying to overcome the social structure that is forced on him by buying a gun to make others see him as a man and not just some little boy and to give him power. His plan eventually backfires causing him humiliation and showing his immaturity. Also it ruins any chance of the adults around him showing him respect. The force that Richard Wright critiques in this story is the social structure of black vs. white and power vs. weakness. This impacts the main character Dave, who is an African American, to buy a gun to make him feel powerful over his peers including his white boss. Dave eventually tries to combat his failed plan by running away to better opportunities.

How does Shakespeare develop character, plot and theme in Act 3 scene 4 of Macbeth? Essay

In this essay, I will answer the question â€Å"How does Shakespeare develop character, plot and theme in Act 3 scene 4 of ‘Macbeth’?† by divulging into ‘Macbeth’ written by Shakespeare. ‘Macbeth’ is a play with issues such as power, villainy, assassination, deceit and chaos, which are epitomize during Act 3 scene 4 of ‘Macbeth’. This scene is where all the issues group together to form a scene of evilness of human. Macbeth was a knight at the start, became the Thane of Cawdor and assassinated King Duncan to thrust himself to power. Although he regretted for murdering King Duncan since Lady Macbeth encouraged him to murder Duncan. â€Å"He that’s coming must be provided for, and you shall put this night’s great business into my dispatch, which shall to all our nights and days to come give solely sovereign sway and masterdom.† (Lines 64 to 67, Act 1 Scene 6) Lady Macbeth used veiled words because she was afraid that direct language would make Macbeth refuse to act. This is evidence for Macbeth was originally a kind and not ambitious person, however, after Lady Macbeth’s persuasion he decided to kill King Duncan. After Macbeth became King, he send assassin to murder Banquo. During the banquet, he received the news of Banquo’s death but Banquo’s son managed to escape. â€Å"Here had we now our country’s honour roofed, were the graced person of our Banquo present.†(Lines 40-41, Act 3 scene 4) This quote made by Macbeth means if only Banquo were here, all the nobility of Scotland would be under our roof. In addition, it shows he pretended he did not know Banquo had been murdered and to show the Scottish Lords his kindness and respect to Banquo even he is the King now. However, when Banquo’s ghost suddenly appeared in front of him but no one could see Banquo’s ghost. Macbeth was terrified and astonished because he was the only one who knew Banquo is already dead. â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it; never shake the gory locks at me?†(Lines 50-51, Act 3 scene4) First, it is extremely awkward that the King suddenly say something weird that does not relate to the dinner. Additionally, from the Scottish lords’ view, Macbeth seems had done something bad and trying to hide it from them which created a feeling of chaos and unsafe. Furthermore, it is a sign that Macbeth is not suitable to be a King. â€Å"Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that which might appal the devil† (Lines 58-59, Act 4 scene4) â€Å"Avaunt and quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee! Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold; Thou hast no speculation in those eyes† (Lines 93-95, Act 3 scene4) I personally would believe Macbeth was mad even though his wife was trying to persuade people this is normal and all the things he said are like hints that he had murdered someone who we do not know and he is back. In my opinion, no guests would expect this from Macbeth because he had never behaved in this weird way and he is very brave man since he had killed many people in battles. Lady Macbeth was a dominant character. She was portrayed as ambitious, greedy to power by Shakespeare. When Lady Macbeth was first introduced in the play, she was reading a letter from Macbeth, which was describing the three weird sisters’ prophecy. â€Å"He brings great news† (Lines 36, Act1 scene5) At this point, her only concern was whether Macbeth is capable of fulfilling the prophecy and certainly, she would grab hold of this chance to persuade Macbeth to do it in order to satisfy her hunger to power. The following quotes made by Lady Macbeth states how she criticizes Macbeth. â€Å"If we should fail?†(Macbeth, Lines 58, Act 1 scene7) â€Å"We fail?†(Lady Macbeth, Lines 59, Act 1 scene 7) The quote made by Lady Macbeth shows she believes her husband should become ambitious and be confidence. In addition, Lady Macbeth did not insult Macbeth because this would only make Macbeth feel even worst of him. At this point, she was disappointed by Macbeth since she could not believe her husband did not show any determination to make use of this excellent chance to kill King Duncan and fulfill the prophecy and to satisfy her hungriness to power. â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem, letting ‘I dare not’ wait upon I would† (Lady Macbeth, line 43, Act 1 scene 7) â€Å"I have given suck and know how tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.† (Lady Macbeth, Line 54-59, Act 1 scene 7) Furthermore, due to emotions Macbeth is feeling at this point, he tells his wife the couple will â€Å"will proceed no further in this business†, which explains the assassination would not happen due to the respect King Duncan had recently showed him, he was not willing to carry out the plan. This frustrates Lady Macbeth and leads her using another tactic to persuade Macbeth to stand on her side. Example of another tactic is calling Macbeth as a coward, and informs him she would rather kill a newborn baby rather than break a promise like the one Macbeth has to her. On the other hand, she had tried to cover up for Macbeth even though she did not know what exactly was happening to Macbeth. The following quote made by Lady Macbeth shows her solicitude to Macbeth even Macbeth did not tell her Banquo’s death which states he did not trust her wife. â€Å"Sit, worthy friends. My lord is of often thus, and hath been from his youth. Pray you keep seat.†(Lines 53-54, Act 3 scene4) â€Å"I pray you speak not; he grows worse and worse. Question enrages him. At once, good night. Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once.†(Lines 118-121, Act 3 scene 4) These two quotes are major piece of evidence, which suggest Lady Macbeth was putting huge amount of effort to cover for Macbeth and this shows she really loved him and she knew there is something that Macbeth had done but has not informed her yet which is a hint for Macbeth no longer trusted Lady Macbeth. The Scottish lords were playing a less important role in the play compared to Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. However, they were still important since they represent the Scottish government. Macduff and Ross were the two key lords in the play since they were suspicious about Macbeth (apart from Banquo). â€Å"Is’t known who did this more than bloody deed?†(Ross, line20, Act 2 Scene4) â€Å"Those that Macbeth hath slain.† (Macduff, Line 21, Act2 scene4) A supportive quote made by Macduff, which supports that Macbeth is suspicious because Macduff did not assume any other people killed King Duncan but only assumed Macbeth murdered King Duncan. Moreover, the following quote shows he dislike Macbeth. â€Å"Will you to Scone?†(Ross, Line 35, Act2 Scene4) â€Å"No, cousin, I’ll to Fife.†(Macduff, Line36, Act 2 Scene4) An extremely supportive evidence from Macduff to support argue that Macbeth was the murderer because Macduff did not want to go to the Scone and instead he would like to go to Fife. Under normal circumstances, all the lords would attend to this kind of important ceremony but Macduff had chosen to ignore it which is out of order. In my opinion, at this point of the play Macduff seems to be suspicious about Macbeth. This is mainly due to the worsen friendship between Macbeth and Macduff since Macbeth killed the guards who look related to Duncan’s death without allowing anyone to ask them a question and the guards were the only clue for King Duncan’s death. This leads other people to think why Macbeth just killed the guards who were drunk and had bloody daggers in their hand. As a result, Macbeth became suspicious to Duncan’s death. From a third person’s view, Macbeth seems to be trying to cover the truth. In addition, during the Banquet Macbeth suddenly saw a ghost of a bloody man and he was terrified about this which is unusual because he used to be a general therefore he would not be afraid of dead people. This made Macbeth became even more suspicious because after he became King, disorders and chaos has been consecutively occurring. Additionally, the lords would wonder the relationship between Macbeth and a ghost of bloody man because they would worry if Macbeth were the suitable one for this position. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth was complex and hard to analysis because it has been changing throughout the play. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth was introduced as a kind and loving wife, who underneath was a scheming and deceitful person. She received a letter from Macbeth about the weird sisters’ prophecy. â€Å"It is too full o’th’milk of Human Kindness to catch the nearest way.†(Line 15, Act 1 scene 5) Lady Macbeth would like to take the fastest route to royalty by murdering King Duncan, however she knew Macbeth is not ready for this since recent respect from King Duncan makes Macbeth loyal to King Duncan. Additionally, they are friends and Duncan is a good King therefore there was no reason to kill him. â€Å"Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem’s the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem.†(Line 41-43, Act1 Scene7) She called Macbeth a coward that live in thine own esteem because she is deeply desire to gain more power and the only way is to be queen but this needs Macbeth to cooperate with her, however, Macbeth was not ready to murder King Duncan. Therefore, she insulted her husband to intimidate her husband to satisfy her own need. At this point, their relationship is poor because Lady Macbeth was forcing her own husband to do something he was really willing to do. Immediately after the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth was remorseful and frightened. When she heard Macbeth was talking about his bloody hands, she says: â€Å"My hands are of your color, but I shame to wear a heart so white.†(Lines 68, act 2 scene 2) This is evidence that Lady Macbeth was on the same side as Macbeth as she meant her hands are red too, but she was not regretful as she said she would be ashamed to have a heart so white. In act 3 scene 2, we know that Macbeth have not been communicating as well as before Duncan’s death, because Lady Macbeth had to ask the servant to call for Macbeth therefore she could talk to him. When Lady Macbeth asks, â€Å"what’s to be done†, Macbeth did not want to tell her and since he did not want his wife to get further involvement in this mess. Therefore, he replied: â€Å"Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest Chuck.†(Lines 45, Act 3 Scene2) This quote can be evidence for both side arguments. The first side is Macbeth did not trust his wife anymore therefore he refused to let her know anything. On the other hand, Macbeth really loved his wife and he attempts to protect her from this mess. In my own view, he did not trust Lady Macbeth because it was she who encouraged him to get rid of King Duncan and disorders and chaos had been brought in. After Lady Macbeth had asked all the guests to get out in the last part of Act 3 scene 4, I believe Lady Macbeth was in charge because she asked Macbeth all the questions and Macbeth answered all of them. At last, he listened to his wife to go to sleep. â€Å"You lack the season of all natures, sleep† (line 141, Act 3 Scene 4) â€Å"Come, we’ll to sleep.† (Line 142, Act 3 Scene4) They started to cooperate again, which is a signal that their relationship is developing because they both helped each other out in the banquet. If Lady Macbeth did not love Macbeth so much she would not in an attempt to restore order and made him act normal again. Nevertheless, she could do that for other reasons. Such as she might be more worried about Macbeth leaked out the secret about Duncan’s death than Macbeth mental health state. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth said she could see Duncan’s blood on her hands and tries to wash it off, but nothing could was it away. â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia would not sweeten this little hand.†(Line 43, Act 5 Scene 1) This could made by Lady Macbeth is a strong evidence to show her she is mad because no one could see the blood and only she could. Additionally, she had been suffering from this for a period. Afterward, she committed suicide because she could not cope with the guilt of murdering King Duncan. There are many different themes. The most famous one is order/chaos and followed by the difference between the false and the real. In Act 3 Scene 4, as the banquet begin the lords were told to sit down in order because it is a formal dinner. However, during the process, Macbeth went crazy because he said he saw a ghost of a bloody man, which is odd. At the end, all of the guests were told to get out as soon as possible but all in once. The banquet had started in order, finished in chaos. This is a demonstration of the Kingdom because when King Duncan was ruling everything was normal, no chaos but when Macbeth ruled the country chaos and disorders were brought in since he had to hide the truth but he was becoming more suspicious and therefore he killed all the people who he believes is trying to get rid of him. At last, blood will only bring in more blood. An example for difference between false and the real is whether Banquo’s ghost is ‘real’. This depends on the director to decide to bring on a Ghost or not. Of all the characters on stage, only Macbeth could see the Ghost. The advantage of an invisible Ghost is the audience will know what is actually happening instead of guessing what Macbeth is doing on the stage. However, the downside is as the ghost supposed to be invisible, so no one should able to see and this includes the audience. Another tricky question of putting on a visible ghost is what does he wear and how does he move?

Accommodation Problems Faced by Foreign Students in Britain/US/Australia Argumentative Essay

Accommodation Problems I Faced When Studying in USA As any other foreign culture, the American one differs from the environment I am used to at home. First of all, I’d like to mention I’d never shared my space before, even though I understand it is my personal problem. At the dormitory we live in, this problem is easily solved by giving students a choice whether to rent single or double room. Of course, the price for a single room is higher, but in this question your comfort is at stake. Among the other problems I faced was location of our dorm outside the campus, which made everyday way to school very complicated. With changing two buses, the road took me up to an hour and a half each way. When I tried to manage this by renting a car, I faced another issue. It appeared that my student visa didn’t give me the right to get car insurance, which is obligatory to buy when you rent a car. Obviously, I couldn’t change my visa status, so my solution of the problem was to buy a bicycle. In that way I combined traveling to school and working out. The biggest complicacy was that my visa status didn’t let me obtain a tax payer ID that made it impossible for me to do things that, to my mind, are part of everyone’s daily life. For example, I could not open a bank account, get a local ID, except for the student’s one, which was invalid outside the campus anyway. Generally speaking, I could not discover local life outside the study hall. That is a major disadvantage of the student exchange program I became a member of. If I had to make any recommendations on what should be changed to help students, I’d definitely stress on the aforementioned problems being solved first and foremost.

The Effects Of Divorce On Children s Life - 907 Words

When parent choose divorce as a solution, their children become exposed to countless stressors. These children know for a fact things are about to change, but they are unsure how which can be quite a frightful experience. These kids have to learn to cope with the whole situation with no anticipation since divorce tends to be a sudden decision rather than a planned, pre-meditated option. On the other hand, some couples choose to stay together since they do not want their children to face the amount of stress brought by divorce. Children may need to change schools or move to another house, which can be very taxing on them. The stress can be increased when their quality of life decreases after moving to a different home. This can also affect the parent who becomes overwhelmed since he or she cannot provide as much as the parent with the better quality of life. Although the changes in the child’s life may vary depending on the sex of the parent they stay with and the sex of the ch ildren. Divorce has a very taxing effect on children, and presents stressful challenges to their lives. The divorce itself does not affect children in a negative way. The effects result more often from the feeling of uncertainty of what is going to happen after the divorce, from the level of conflict between the parents and from how the parenting after the divorce is done. Boys and girls tend to react differently to their parents divorce. In most cases, girls tend to become anxious and withdrawn,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On Children s Life997 Words   |  4 PagesMany times when people get a divorce they tend to not take into consideration about their kids, whether they are five, ten, or seventeen. They go along with the divorce not realizing that this poor child s life is about to be turned upside down. Divorcing someone, while children are involved affects the way children develop to become adults. 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The Indian Experience Of India - 1057 Words

Indian Experience India is the second largest populous country in the world with a diverse population and culture. It is one of the oldest civilizations dating back 4,500 years. The population is made up of numerous different ethnicities and religions. The culture was heavily influenced by different civilizations that once occupied India; food is no exception. Indian cuisine is known for its diverse and wide ranging assortment of dishes as well as its extensive variety of herbs and especially spices (Live Science, 2015). The knowledge of this is what inspired my Cultural Experience choice. As an experience in cultural diversity, I chose to go to an Indian Restaurant and then shop at an Indian grocery store. I spent two hours at†¦show more content†¦We arrived shortly after 1pm, so the restaurant did not have many patrons. There were only two other tables occupied at the time. 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Review of New Types of Relation Extraction Methods Free Essays

This is explained by the fact that patterns do not tend to uniquely identify the given relation. The systems which participated in MUCH and deal with relation extraction also rely on rich rules for identifying relations (Fought et al. 1 998; Gargling et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of New Types of Relation Extraction Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1998; Humphreys et al. 1998). Humphreys et al. 1998) mention that they tried to add only those rules which were (almost) certain never to generate errors in analysis; therefore, they had adopted a low recall and high precision approach. However, in this case, many relations may be missed due to the lack of unambiguous rules to extract them. To conclude, knowledge-based methods are not easily portable to other domains and involve too much manual labor. However, they can be used effectively if the main aim is to get results quickly in well-defined domains and document collections. 5 Supervised Methods Supervised methods rely on a training set where domain-specific examples eave been tagged. Such systems automatically learn extractors for relations by using machine-learning techniques. The main problem of using these methods is that the development of a suitably tagged corpus can take a lot of time and effort. On the other hand, these systems can be easily adapted to a different domain provided there is training data. There are different ways that extractors can be learnt in order to solve the problem of supervised relation extraction: kernel methods (Shoo and Grossman 2005; Bunches and Mooney 2006), logistic regression (Kamala 2004), augmented parsing (Miller et al. 2000), Conditional Random Fields CRY) (Calcutta et al. 2006). In RE in general and supervised RE in particular a lot of research was done for IS-A relations and extraction of taxonomies. Several resources were built based on collaboratively built Wisped (YOGA – (Issuance et al. 2007); Depended – (Rue et al. 2007); Freebase – (Blacker et al. 2008); Wicking (Instates et al. 2010)). In general, Wisped is becoming more and more popular as a source for RE. E. G. (Opponent and Strobe 2007; Unguent et al. AAA, b, c). Query logs are also considered a valuable source of information for RE and their analysis is even argued to give better results than other suggested methods in the field (Passes 2007, 2009). 5. 19 Weakly-supervised Methods Some supervised systems also use bootstrapping to make construction of the training data easier. These methods are also sometimes referred to as â€Å"huckleberries information extraction†. Bring (1998) describes the DIPPER (Dual Iterative Pattern Relation Expansion) method used for identifying authors of the books. It uses an initial small set of seeds or a set of hand- constructed extraction patterns to begin the training process. After the occurrences of needed information are found, they are further used for recognition of new patterns. Regardless of how promising bootstrapping can seem, error propagation becomes a serious problem: mistakes in extraction at the initial stages generate more mistakes at later stages and decrease the accuracy of the extraction process. For example, errors that expand to named entity recognition, e. G. Extracting incomplete proper names, result in choosing incorrect seeds for the next step of bootstrapping. Another problem that can occur is that of semantic drift. This happens when senses of the words are not taken into account and therefore each iteration results in a move from the original meaning. Some researchers (Korea and How 2010; Hove et al. 2009; Korea et al. 2008) have suggested ways to avoid this problem and enhance the performance of this method by using doubly- anchored patterns (which include both the class name and a class member) as well as graph structures. Such patterns have two anchor seed positions â€Å"{type} such as {seed} and *† and also one open position for the terms to be learnt, for example, pattern â€Å"Presidents such as Ford and {X}† can be used to learn names of the presidents. Graphs are used for storing information about patterns, found words and links to entities they helped to find. This data is further used for calculating popularity and productivity of the candidate words. This approach helps to enhance the accuracy of bootstrapping and to find high-quality information using only a few seeds. Korea (2012) employs a similar approach for the extraction Of cause-effect relations, where the pattern for bootstrapping has a form of â€Å"X and Y verb Z†, for example, and virus cause Human-based evaluation reports 89 % accuracy on 1500 examples. Self-supervised Systems Self-supervised systems go further in making the process of information extraction unsupervised. The Knolling Web II system (Edition et al. 2005), an example of a self-supervised system, learns â€Å"to label its own training examples using only a small set of domain-independent extraction patterns†. It uses a set of generic patterns to automatically instantiate relation-specific extraction rules and then learns domain-specific extraction rules and the whole process is repeated iteratively. The Intelligence in Wisped (IPP) project (Weld et al. 2008) is another example of a self-supervised system. It bootstraps from the Wisped corpus, exploiting the fact that each article corresponds to a primary object and that any articles contain infusions (brief tabular information about the article). This system is able to use Wisped infusions as a starting point for training 20 the classifiers for the page type. IPP trains extractors for the various attributes and they can later be used for extracting information from general Web pages. The disadvantage of IPP is that the amount of relations described in Wisped infusions is limited and so not all relations can be extracted using this method. . 1 Open Information Extraction Edition et al. (2008) introduced the notion of Open Information Extraction, which is opposed to Traditional Relation Extraction. Open information extraction is â€Å"a novel extraction paradigm that tackles an unbounded number of relations†. This method does not presuppose a predefined set of relations and is targeted at all relations that can be extracted. The Open Relation extraction approach is relatively a new one, so there is only a small amount of projects using it. Texturing (Bank and Edition 2008; Bank et al. 2007) is an example of such a system. A set of relinquishment’s lexicon-syntactic patterns is used to build a relation- independent extraction model. It was found that 95 % Of all relations in English can be described by only 8 general patterns, e. G. â€Å"El Verb E â€Å". The input of such a system is only a corpus and some relation-independent heuristics, relation names are not known in advance. Conditional Random Fields (CRY) are used to identify spans of tokens believed to indicate explicit mentions of relationships between entities and the whole problem of relation extraction is treated as a problem of sequence labeling. The set of linguistic features used in this system is similar to those used by other state of-the-art relation extraction systems and includes e. G. Part-of-speech tags, regular expressions for detection of capitalization and punctuation, context words. At this stage of development this system â€Å"is able to extract instances of the four most frequently observed relation types: Verb, Noun+Prep, Verb+Prep and Infinitive†. It has a number of limitations, which are however common to all RE systems: it extracts only explicitly expressed relations that are primarily word-based; relations should occur between entity names within the same sentence. Bank and Edition (2008) report a precision of 88. 3 % and a recall of 45. 2 Even though the system shows very good results the relations are not pacified and so there are difficulties in using them in some other systems. Output Of the system consists Of tepees stating there is some relation between two entities, but there is no generalization of these relations. Www and Weld (2010) combine the idea of Open Relation Extraction and the use of Wisped infusions and produce systems called Weepers and Weeps . Weepers improves Texturing dramatically but it is 30 times slower than Texturing. However, Weeps does not have this disadvantage and still shows an improved F-measure over Texturing between 1 5 % to 34 % on three corpora. Fader et al. 201 1) identify several flaws in previous works in Open Information Extraction: â€Å"the learned extractors ignore both â€Å"holistic† aspects of the relation phrase (e. G. , is it contiguous? ) as well as lexical aspects (e. G. , how many instances of this relation are there? )†. They target these problems by introducing syntactic constraints (e. G. , they require the relation phrase to match the POS tag 21 pattern) and lexical constraints. Their system Revere achieves an AUK which is 30 % better than WOE (Www and Weld 201 0) and Texturing (Bank and Denton 2008). Unshackles et al. (AAA) approach this problem from another angle. They try to mine for patterns expressing various relations and organism then in hierarchies. They explore binary relations between entities and employ frequent items mining (Augural et al. 1993; Syrians and Augural 1 996) to identify the most frequent patterns. Their work results in a resource called PATTY which contains 350. 69 pattern sunsets and substitution relations and achieves 84. 7 % accuracy. Unlike Revere (Fader et al. 201 1) which constrains patterns to verbs or verb phrases that end with prepositions, PATTY can learn arbitrary patterns. The authors employ so called syntactic- ontological-lexical patterns (SOL patterns). These patterns constitute a sequence of words, POS-tags, wildcats, and ontological types. For example, the pattern â€Å"persons [ads] voice * song† would match the strings my Heinousness soft voice in Rehab and Elvis Presley solid voice in his song All shook up. Their approach is based on collecting dependency paths from the sentences where two named entities are tagged (YACHT (Hoffa et al. 2011) is used as a database of all Ones). Then the textual pattern is extracted by finding the shortest paths connecting two entities. All of these patterns are transformed into SOL (abstraction of a textual pattern). Frequent items quinine is used for this: all textual patterns are decomposed into n-grams (n consecutive words). A SOL pattern contains only the n-grams that appear frequently in the corpus and the remaining word sequences are replaced by wildcats. The support set of the pattern is described as the set of pairs of entities that appear in the place Of the entity placeholders in all strings in the corpus that match the pattern. The patterns are connected in one sunset (so are considered synonymous) if their supporting sets coincide. The overlap of the supporting sets is also employed to identify substitution relations between various sunsets. . 2 Distant Learning Mint et al. (2009) introduce a new term â€Å"distant supervision†. The authors use a large semantic database Freebase containing 7,300 relations between 9 million named entities. For each pair of entities that appears in Freebase relation, they identify all sentences containing those entities in a large unlabeled corpus. At the next step textual features to train a relation classifier are extracted. Even though the 67,6 % of precision achieved using this method has room for improvement, it has inspired many researchers to further investigate in this direction. Currently there are a number of papers ring to enhance â€Å"distant learning† in several directions. Some researchers target the heuristics that are used to map the relations in the databases to the texts, for example, (Takeouts et al. 01 2) argue that improving matching helps to make data less noisy and therefore enhances the quality of relation extraction in general. Hay et al. (2010) propose using an undirected graphical model for relation extraction which employs â€Å"distant learning’ but enforces selection preferences. Ridded et al. (2010) reports 31 % error reduction compared to (Mint et al. 2009). 22 Another problem that has been addressed is language ambiguity (Hay et al. 01 1, 2012). Most methods cluster shallow or syntactic patterns of relation mentions, but consider only one possible sense per pattern. However, this assumption is often violated in reality. Hay et al. (201 1) uses generative probabilistic models, where both entity type constraints within a relation and features on the dependency path between entity mentions are exploited. This research is similar to DIRT (Line and Panatela 2001 ) which explores distributional similarity of dependency paths in order to discover different representations of the same semantic relation. However, Hay et al. (2011) employ another approach and apply IDA (Belie et al. 2003) with a slight modification: observations are relation tepees and not words. So as a result of this modification instead of representing semantically related words, the topic latent variable represents a relation type. The authors combine three models: Reel-LAD, Reel-LDAP and Type-LAD. In the third model the authors split the features of a duple into relation level features and entity level features. Relation level features include the dependency path, trigger, lexical and POS features; entity level features include the entity mention itself and its named entity tag. These models output clustering of observed relation tepees and their associated textual expressions. 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Assessing Potential For Corporate Smaller -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Assessing Potential For Corporate Smaller Sports? Answer: Introducation In the Australian sports industry, the broadcasting and media businesses associated with the sports and events are highly productive. In order to increase the potential business benefits of the sports broadcasting, new broadcast models or formats have been applied introducing the sponsored content (Blair, 2012). Previously, the FTA model was only used by the broadcasters that intend to sell the audiences to the advertisers. But, the introduction of the Pay TV model has changed the revenue structure of the Australian Sports broadcasting sector by selling the programs to the viewers. In the broadcasting media sector, latest sports broadcast model encourages global brands to pay media organisations so that the products of the manufacturers will be introduced to the target audience in a presented manner. Hence, the audiences are sold to the advertisers. Precisely, sports broadcasting sector creates sponsored content for the brands promoting the services and products (McClean, 2008). In t he same manner, the broadcasters also sell the live streaming of the sports events to the consumers in order to earn revenue. Thus, the broadcasters generate massive revenue using the expensive media product i.e. sports. New broadcast models have been widely supported by expensive broadcasting equipment and modern technology. As a result of the scenario, sports production has become an expensive endeavour, to say the least. Additionally, the introduction of new technology such as internet and multimedia devices has helped the sports broadcasters to use new broadcasting models such as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) and Over the Top (OTT) platforms (Roebuck, 2012). Hence, a change in the consumer behaviour can be evident in the recent years in the Sport Broadcasting sector. In the meanwhile, the question is whether the new sport broadcast models are helping the non-corporate or smaller sports in Australia. Decisively, commercialisation of sports broadcasting has both the positive and negative impact on sports and sportsmen. Although the broadcasting industry has been largely benefited by these business models, the overall value of sport and events is said to be declined in the recent years (Humphr eys Howard, 2016). The wider impact of the new sports broadcasting models has been analysed throughout the study. The primary objective of the research is to understand the implications of new broadcasting model over the potential growth opportunities of non-corporate and smaller sports in Australia. A decline in the sports audiences has been evident during the introductory phase of Pay TV broadcasting format. The change of the concept from FTA to PTV has gradually made sports on television expensive for the audiences. Hence, a tremendous decline in the sports view can be seen during 1995 and 2005. However, with the development of technology and new internet based broadcasting model, the audiences for sports broadcast has gradually increased in the recent years. The primary reason for the increase in the number of subscribers or viewers is the less expensive sports broadcasting models over the IPTV and OTT platforms. The new broadcast models have made it easier for the broadcasting organisations to increase the number of potential customers and seek growth in demand for non-corporate and smaller sports in the Australian market. For instance, social media and other internet based broadcasting platforms have provided new scopes for non-corporate and smaller sports to get broadcasted to the audiences that increase the demand for such sports and create potential growth opportunities for the non-commercial sports in the country. However, the increase in the demand for broadcasting of major sporting events have put non-corporate and smaller sports aside over the PTV platform with a potential for low revenue and poor focus of the audiences. Hence, the essay focuses on discussing the role of new broadcast models in the development of non-corporate and smaller sports in Australia. Moreover, the paper evaluates the importance of new sports broadcasting rights in accordance to the new broadcast models and t he challenges faced by the broadcasters in order to achieve these rights. Furthermore, the research aims to discuss the positive and negative impacts of new broadcasting models on the potential growth opportunities of non-corporate and smaller sports in the nation. Finally, the study presents proper recommendations for the Australian Sports Broadcasting sector to support the growth of non-corporate and smaller sports using new broadcast models. Sports Broadcasting model involves sports organisations, broadcasting organisations and media partners contributing towards developing an industry. In the meanwhile, sports organisations have engaged with a number of sports broadcasters and media organisations to get the telecast rights of major sports events (Blair, 2012). In terms of business, media organisations have to pay a massive amount of money to receive the exclusive broadcasting rights of the live mega sporting events. On the other hand, the brands are paying to the media to promote their products creating sponsored content. Furthermore, the revenue earned by the government through the broadcasting of non-corporate and smaller sports helps the authorised bodies to work for the welfare of sports in the region. In this way, the entire sports broadcasting model operates in a cyclical order. Evidently, most of the leading sports organisations are largely benefited by the broadcasting rights of live sporting events (McClean, 20 08). In order to fund the mega sporting events, the sale of telecast and media rights of the sports events have become the leading revenue source. Meanwhile, the new broadcasting model or platform helps sports organisation to reinvest the accumulated fund earned as royalties to the infrastructural and technical development. Technology advancement has contributed on a large basis to restructure the broadcasting industry around the globe. In a study review, Turner (2012) identifies how the modern technological development has transformed the broadcasting environment by introducing latest delivery models effective for both the commercial leaders and the consumers. According to the article review, a number of broadcasting regulations implemented by the Federal Government of Australia and existing league have complicated the sports broadcasting scenario in the target market. In the meanwhile, broadcasting regulations implemented by the government have been there to protect the rights and interest of the public as well as participating organisations associated with the industry while the league-based regulations have made an impact on the profits distribution of the sports companies (Turner, 2012). In both the cases, the sports broadcasting models are directed to make a positive influence on the sports and ev ents. The latest sports broadcasting models have included a number of restrictions and regulations imposed by the league, the federal government, and broadcasting organisations that may affect the value and quality of professional sports. Evidently, the introduction of emerging technologies and existing public, as well as private regulations, must be identified by the professional sports organisations and broadcasters to minimise the adverse effect of the same on sports. With development of technology and increase in demand for television over the internet platform, two major broadcasting models have emerged in the recent times named as IPTV and OTT (Gratton et al., 2013). The internet platform differs from the cable and satellite broadcasting networks through the offering of content by using the same client server models that delivers website contents, emails and other internet-based services (Teitelbaum, 2009). The full form of IP is Internet Protocol, which is the language used by the internet service providers to transfer packets of data between the internet network and the computers attached to it (Dietl Hasan, 2007). In both the cases of IPTV and OTT, the consumers requests and receives the broadcasting contents via internet protocol. The basic differences between the OTT and IPTV streaming is that OTT offers the broadcasting using an unmanaged network as web browsing and email, whereas IPTV uses a dedicated private network to deliver the broa dcasting services in a consistent manner (Dindaro?lu, 2017). Moreover, the completion for sports broadcasting rights has gradually increased in the recent times with the addition of telecom operators in the race of these rights (Dietl Hasan, 2007). The broadcasting models of IPTV and OTT are totally based on internet platform that reduces the expenses of the consumers for watching a particular sports event and increases the demand for sports broadcast over the internet in the Australian market (Humphreys Howard, 2016). By considering the figure presented in Appendix 1, it can be seen that the usage of internet based broadcasting formats have increased by a huge amount between 2013 and 2016. For instance, the use of Smart TV or internet TV has increased from 10 percent to 35 percent. Furthermore, the use of Smart Phone has increased from 48 percent to 81 percent. Additionally, an increase in the use of tablet and internet has also been evident in the last few years by 34 percent and 3 percent respectively. Hence, the changing use behaviour of the consumers in terms of internet based platforms have provided a potential growth opportunities for the sports broadcasting organisations by using the IPTV and OTT media formats. In another review of the literature, Lee (2007) described the copyright-related issues and challenges to be faced by broadcasters in sports telecast industry. Under the Copyright Law, sports organisations, broadcasters, and media organisations need to clear out how broadcasting right acts. Moreover, terms and transfer of broadcasting rights to the television and media granted by the sports organisations must be identified specifically (Blumenthal Goodenough, 2006). For instance, the right to grant live broadcasting is widely different to that of media rights. In case of the latest broadcasting model, the broadcasting rights can be identified as the determinant of the media rights. Also, the technological revolution has ensured that TV audiences have got the power to decide the market size (Gratton et al., 2013). Therefore, the broadcasters have to build the telecast set up considering the television viewers. Evidently, due to commercialisation, camera set up in a sports event can de termine the economic value rather than counting the sold tickets to the audience. In both the cases, sports organisations can make massive profits by selling the broadcasting rights and media rights according to their preferences. In case of providing the broadcasting and media rights to respective companies, the agreement should be followed on the basis of broadcasting Copyright Law and violation of the law may lead to statutory actions (Lee, 2007). In another piece of research, Davies (2015) discusses about the broadcasting rights and the essentiality of understand the television rights for broadcasters in Australia. In Australia, the Copyright Act 1968 provides exclusive control to the owner over broadcasting of sports events (Blumenthal Goodenough, 2006). In 2000, the Act was amended to tackle the issue with new technologies. Under the amendment, the technology-neutral right was provided to the public associated with the sports broadcasting industry (Davies, 2015). In this way, limited copyright material can be recorded for private and domestic use without violating the Copyright Act. The transformation of the Copyright Act has delivered significant advantage to the public and sports fans, to say the least. Regulations of sports broadcasting can be identified as one of the most important aspects affecting the revenue of the sports organisations associated with the business. In a research study, Smith, Evens Iosifidis (2015) review the regulations and legislations of broadcasting industry based on seven countries including Australian television broadcasting and media industry. The authors identify two leading regulations i.e. competition law and mega event related legislations affecting the revenue model of the sports firms. Precisely, the study evaluates that the balance of the modern sports broadcasting industry has shifted towards the commercial interest of pay-TV operators and leading sports corporations or organisers (Smith, Evens, Iosifidis, 2015). In this particular scenario, the importance of broadcasting regulations has become imperative to maintain the balance of socio-cultural benefits of the target audience and the profitability of the broadcasters. Crucially, it is the res ponsibility of the regulatory bodies to verify that the latest sports broadcasting model must deliver a wider range of benefits to the non-corporate and smaller sports (Gratton et al., 2013). Meanwhile, the first of the two policy regulations mentioned earlier has been directed to maintain competition and fair trade in broadcasting industry whereas the mega event legislations have been there to secure the rights of the public to get free access to the international mega events such as Olympics. At the same point in time, the right to information of the domestic public can be preserved through the legislative regulations (Law, Harvey Kemp, 2002). In a particular study, Avgerinou (2007) states the economics of professional sports and the role of broadcasters in development of the teams. In the sports industry, broadcasters position cannot exist without competitors. In case of sports economics, talents and coaching facilities are considered as business inputs to produce outputs. Evidently, organised matches and events are termed as business outputs that have been marketed towards the direct audiences and television viewers (Avgerinou, 2007). In this entire sports economics, broadcasting of sports has become one of the most important things to be considered as a source of revenue for the organisers. All the efforts of the professional sports team have to be combined so that the value of the sports economics will be increased (Blair, 2012). As a result of the consequences, the professional teams and sports are directly benefitted through selling the telecast and media rights of sports to the respective firms. The review of the study written by Noll (2007) explains the economics of sports broadcasting and the influence of the broadcasting rights on the non-corporate or smaller sports. The economic value of broadcasting right increases according to the popularity of the sports events. In the meanwhile, the demand of the mega events and popular sports are relatively higher in compared to smaller sports. Hence, the demand and rate of broadcasting rights are also unbelievably higher. As a result of the scenario, monetary force has decided how the broadcasting rights are offered to the broadcasters and media agencies. However, the position of public broadcasters can be limited to certain extent. Based on the buyers nature and characteristics, the broadcasting rights have been offered to the most eligible broadcasters in exchange of monetary benefits (Noll, 2007). In this way, the demand of the broadcasted events and nature of the broadcasters can be identified as two crucial aspects in broadcas ting economies. The modern broadcasting model i.e. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is entirely different from the conventional cable TV broadcasting. By using TCP or IP protocol, the service providers delivers TV programmes and video content as per the demand of the target audience. Unlike, traditional subscriber-based model of broadcasting, IPTV system provides live TV and video content over private network according to the requirement of the audiences. The IPTV services are typically distributed by a particular service provider on a managed network. Different from public network, the dedicated private network offers significant control to the operators and broadcasters to manage the video content and incoming traffic (Simpson Greenfield, 2007). At the same point of time, by adding required extensions in the private network system, the quality of services and reliability of broadcasting can be ensured. In case of conventional broadcast delivery services, all the TV programmes are broadcasted s imultaneously and according to preferences the viewers have to change the channel to see the programmes. In contrast, the IPTV services deliver only a single programme at a time. In the private network, all the TV content has been kept on the network of the service provider and selected items have been sent to the target audience on-demand. In case of sports broadcasting, the benefits of IPTV service are endless. The IPTV service offers the target audiences a number of additional services and applications that are missing in traditional broadcasting services. For instance, the viewers can watch live sports, on-demand videos, and record the preferred content by using the IP-based services. Other than that, the transformation of broadcasting system has enabled the target viewers to rewind or restart live video programmes or event even after the programme is already in progress. Another delivery model of IPTV broadcasting is Internet TV (Simpson Greenfield, 2007). In this model, the video content and live programmes are distributed to the target audience by using a website. Fundamentally, the shift in broadcasting models has enabled the broadcasters to target the internet based viewers and audiences to deliver the contents on-demand. Evidently, the presence of private network delivers quality in transmission through a num ber of Internet Protocol, software, hardware, and technology based infrastructure (Roebuck, 2012). In this way, the IPTV system service delivers dynamic broadcasting features to the viewers using broadband connection unlike satellite or frequency broadcasting technology. In order to understand the implications of new sports broadcast models over non-corporate and smaller sports, it is important to observe the significance of IPTV and OTT in sports broadcasting in the recent period in Australia. According to the NBN report, the consumption of sports have gradually increased with the introduction of innovative technology and new broadcasting models such as IPTV and OTT (Future of Sport Report - The revolution in digital sports consumption, 2017). For instance, there are around 16.4 million Australians who are interested in one or more sports and these peoples are aged between 16 and 64. The new broadcasting models have provided the fans a control over the sports contents that are broadcasted such as the best moments, athletes and games. Nowadays, the sports fans have gone digital driven and converted into tech savvy consumers. In the meanwhile, the consumers demand to watch sports according to their choice and conveniences. By considering the figure pr esented in appendix 2, it can be seen that around 55 percent of the Australian sports fans used the internet to feel connected to sports (Future of Sport Report - The revolution in digital sports consumption, 2017). YouTube is one of the mostly used social media channel to watch live sports by the Aussies sport fans in the recent times. Furthermore, Facebook is also used by the Aussie Fans to get updates regarding the live sports broadcasted in Australia. The advancement of technology and internet platforms have made it easier for the Fans to get information about the Sports contents and stay connected to their favourite sports (Minas, 2013). Hence, the introduction of the new broadcast models has emerged as major marketing stunts to enhance the number of viewers for Australian sports and convert it into a major source of entertainment. According to Zumoff Negin (2015), out of the top five mostly viewed broadcasted shows; four of them are sporting events. Hence, the new broadcast models have increased the popularity of sports in the Australian market leading to increase in the number of consumers and growth in the income for the broadcasting organizations and sports organizations. In the future, it is expected that the fans will demand advancement of technology at a higher pace. Furthermore, the consumers will expect more connected devices that can provide more sports views according to their demand (Future of Sport Report - The revolution in digital sports consumption, 2017). In other words, broadcasting models of sports have got consumer oriented with the introduction of IPTV and OTT platforms (Minas, 2013). Furthermore, the convergence of technology and media businesses will increase in the future to meet the needs of the Australia Sport fans (Schultz, 2012). Decisively, the development of technology and introduction of new sport broadcast models have changes the pattern of sport consumption and positively impacted the consumption behaviour of the Australian sport fans. In Australia, the broadcasters have to identify the sports broadcasting regulations to avoid a discrimination and violation. As the sports broadcasting is shifting towards the IPTV system, the sports broadcasting and media regulations are needed to be redefined. In order to protect the traditional TV and broadcasting rights of the broadcasters, a number of regulations must be taken into account in case of shifting towards IPTV broadcasting model. The Broadcasting Services Act 1992 governs the broadcasting rights and services issues on Australia. In the meanwhile, the Act protects free-to-air broadcasting as well as Pay TV broadcasting model securing the broadcasting rights of the service providers. The sports broadcasting challenges and issues are currently monitored under anti-siphoning scheme (Jolly, 2012). According to the scheme, free-to-air television broadcasting organisations cannot telecast premier events listed in anti-siphoning category on their digital multi-channels (Acma .gov.au, 2017). Also, the TV broadcasters must show repeated version of the events in the digital multi-channels of TV broadcasters. As per the anti-siphoning scheme, subscription TV broadcasters are not permitted to acquire TV rights of any event listed under the anti-siphoning list unless they are fit to some of the criteria (Mason, 2017). The entire anti-siphoning scheme has been monitored, governed and functioned under the Broadcasting Services Act 1992. In the current state of scenario, leading Australian broadcasters such as Optus, and Fox Sports argued that the current anti-siphoning scheme would mainly favour the free-to-air broadcasters (Scott, 2015). Collectively, the regulations have provided significant advantages towards the non-corporate or smaller sports, to say the least. As viewers can watch the live sports events organised by the non-corporate sports organisations via internet platform, the popularity as well as quality of smaller sports will be boosted in Australia. However, the demand of the mega events and the investment of the leading sports broadcasting agencies have diluted the popularity of the non-corporate sports to some extent. Primarily, the anti-siphoning scheme has to deal with the digital rights of the sports events as the latest telecast models are shifting thick and fast. The growing pop ularity of the Internet TV and IPTV model must be collaborated with the free-to-air broadcasters so that the TV broadcasting rights of the leading telecast companies can be protected in the age of digital broadcasting (Ward, 2017). In the war of digital rights of events, the popularity of smaller sports and non-corporate sports will certainly increase if the regulations are rightly followed by the leading as well as smaller broadcasters operating in Australian sports industry. It is quite difficult for the non-corporate sport organisers to get sponsorship from the major sports broadcasters such as Foxtel Austar due to the lack of demand and poor infrastructure of non-corporate and smaller sports (Fort and Fizel, 2014). The audiences for smaller and non-corporate sports are limited in number and the introduction of Pay TV model enforces the sports fans to detach from such sports (Downward Dawson, 2010). Furthermore, the funding of the non-corporate and smaller sports are too less to get the events broadcasted over the free-to-air services. Hence, the popularity of the non-corporate sports remains less as compared to corporate and large sporting events. The new broadcast models have provided the non-corporate and smaller sports better platform to broadcast their games as an individual channels. For instance, the non-corporate sports organisers can upload the videos of their games over YouTube, Facebook and other social media channels to promote their games and increase the popularity of the smaller sports (Fort Fizel, 2014). Furthermore, the new broadcast models enable the non-corporate sports organisers to reach a higher number of target audiences and develop a demand for such sports in the market. Additionally, the broadcasting of the smaller and non-corporate sports over the IPTV and OTT platforms provide the organisers to earn good amount of revenue from the advertisements and pay-per-view model that helps in the growth and development of such sports in the Australian market. Nowadays, the major schools, colleges and Universities broadcast their sports over the IPTV and OTT platforms that help them to increase the popularity of smaller sports. Additionally, the athletes get an opportunity to showcase their talents that provides a wider scope for the players to seek growth in their career (Ciletti Chadwick, 2012). Moreover, the revenue earned from the broadcasting of the smaller sports events helps the organisers to use the fund in the development of such sports by implementing better technology and providing monetary support to the athletes (Fort Fizel, 2014). Hence, it can be seen that the implementation of the new broadcast models have helped the small and non-corporate sports organisers to promote infamous sports in Australia and influence more athletes to participate in such sports. Moreover, the new models have provided better scopes and opportunities to the lower level athletes to showcase their talents and convert their passion for sports into pr ofessions. However, a major concern that has emerged in the recent times is the commercialisation of non-corporate and smaller sports. The growing popularity of non-corporate sports in the recent times has made organisers focus on increasing their profitability in place of working for the betterment of sports. In other words, the organisers focus on earning money by broadcasting the sports in place of focusing on increasing the value of the sports (Ciletti Chadwick, 2012). Additionally, the lack of broadcasting rights regulations in the case of non-corporate and smaller sports have made it difficult for the organisers to safeguard the broadcasting of their sports and piracy has become a primary issue for such sports (Ciletti Chadwick, 2012). For example, several people record the smaller sports events through their mobile cameras and upload them over the social media platforms without caring about the broadcasting rights. Hence, the government needs to take necessary steps in order to safegua rd the broadcasting rights of the non-corporate and smaller sports and promote such type of sports in Australia (Gibson, 2011). Due to the introduction of IPTV broadcasting model, the broadcasting industry has been revolutionised. The internet platform has opened up so many opportunities for the non-corporate and smaller sports to furnish. By using the IPTV and OTT broadcasting, smaller sports or non-corporate organisations can easily promote their sports to the target audiences (Scherer, 2015). In the meanwhile, due to low cost of broadcasting and production through IPTV and OTT model, smaller sports organisers can become broadcaster of their own sports. At the same point of time, by using the model, fragmented target audiences can eventually lowered the values of broadcasting and rights of telecast leading to failure of smaller and non-corporate sports (Shank Lyberger, 2015). On the other hand, the value of the sports is reduced as sports transform into production houses. Therefore, it may be seen that IPTV broadcasting model can affect the value of smaller sports. Furthermore, the introduction of IPTV may change the conventional relationship between the sponsors and broadcasters (Beech Chadwick, 2007). Due to the digital right war of sports events, the sports broadcasters must act differently to create innovative earning options for all the parties associated to the business model. Primarily, the focus should be kept on the improvement of sports and quality of broadcasting although the commercial benefits are mandatory for the sports organisers and smaller sports. On the basis of the above analysis, it can be seen that the new broadcast models in the form of IPTV and OTT has emerged as a new medium to popularise the non-corporate and smaller sports events. Moreover, the new broadcasting models enable the small and non-corporate sports organisers to broadcast their events and earn revenue from the views and advertisements (Hoye, 2006). But, there are several challenges that must be mitigated in order to promote such sports and seek potential growth of smaller sports in the Australian Sports Industry. Few recommendations have been provided in this section in order to grow the value of non-corporate and smaller sports in the Australian market. Firstly, the government must focus on the development of non-corporate and smaller sports in Australia by promoting such events. For instance, the government can take an initiative to broadcast smaller events over the free-to-air televisions or PTV platforms to increase the number of viewers and demand for such events. Though the online broadcasting models are cheaper as compared to traditional broadcasting models, there is a need of small or medium amount of investment to get the non-corporate and smaller sports broadcasted in the media (Kahle Riley, 2014). Therefore, the government can provide monetary support to the non-corporate and smaller sports organisers to arrange such events and get them telecasted over different online media. Secondly, the Australian Government must focus on making necessary reforms in the broadcasting rights regulations for the non-corporate and smaller sports to increase the safety of the broadcasting rights. For instance, regulations for copyrights must be introduced to mitigate the issues of piracy of such sports events over the social media platforms (Kahle Riley, 2014). Additionally, the government must introduce new rules and regulations for the broadcasting of non-corporate and smaller sports in the anti-siphoning scheme to help the organiser earn revenue for the development of small and non-corporate sports in Australia (Sherwood, 2016). Furthermore, sponsorship and advertisement rights can be introduced to increase the revenue of the non-corporate and smaller sports organisers. On the basis of the above analysis, it can be seen that several new broadcasting models have been introduced in the last two decades that have changed the sports consumption in the Australian market. The introduction of the Pay TV model after FTA broadcasting has gradually changed the revenue model of the sports organisers and broadcasters. However, a severe fall in the number of viewers has been evident during the initial phase of the introduction of the PTV model. With the development of technology the sports consumption behaviour of the Australian sports fans have changed in the recent years providing a better scope for the development of internet based broadcasting models. The digital technology introduced the IPTV and OTT broadcasting models that became popular due to their advantages and free streaming opportunities. Additionally, the IPTV and OTT broadcast models acted as a major platform for the non-corporate and smaller sports to reach a higher number of potential customers. The new broadcast models provided different opportunities to the non-corporate and smaller sports organisers to earn revenue for the development of such sports in Australia. However, the lack of proper broadcasting regulations for non-corporate and smaller sports over the internet platform has led to several challenges for the broadcasters and organisers. 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